- Details
Calculation is according ASME VIII Div 1 UG 28.
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables.
Specific variables
These variables are component specific
Calculated Values
Scope errors
Errors
Remarks
Calculation errors
Warnings
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables
Design Pressure – P
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component.
Weld fitting option – W
Is the fitting welded
Specific variables
These variables are component specific.
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness neutral line – tn
The neutral line is along the neutral axis of the bend. Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Nominal Thickness Intrados – tin
Intrados is the inner radius of the bend. Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Nominal Thickness Extrados – ten
Extrados is the outer radius of the bend. Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion/erosion/threading – A
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – tol
Allowed tolerance in thickness
Joint Efficiency – E
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties.
Mean Bend Radius – R
Radius of the bend from the origin to the neutral axis of the bend. The origin lies in the intersection of the lines perpendicular to neutral axis, through the points where the bend ends turn straight.
Calculated Values
Allowable Operating Stress – S
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – Sa
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Minimum yield strength at 20 °C – Symin
Stress in the component at which the component starts to plastically deform at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Allowable stress test – St
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Weld joint strength reduction – W
Factor by which the allowable strength is reduced in order to accommodate the reduction in strength in the welded joint.
Nneutral line factor – Ic (equals 1)
Bend correction factor, considered unity at the neutral axis.
Intrados factor – Ii
Bend correction factor at the inner radius of the bend (bend radius − half the outside diameter).
Extrados factor – Ie
Bend correction factor at the outer radius of the bend (bend radius + half the outside diameter).
Nominal Required Thickness neutral line, intrados, extrados – trn, tirn, tern
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – P/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Required Test Pressure – Pt
Required hydrostatic pressure for testing at any point in the piping system
Scope errors
Pressure for steam/vapor is out of scope: minimum pressure = 0.1 MPa
This code determines for steam/vapor a minimum pressure.
Pressure for water is out of scope: minimum pressure = 1.103 MPa
This code determines for water a minimum pressure.
Temperature for water is out of scope: minimum temperature = 100 °C
This code determines for water a minimum temperature.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness neutral line.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness at the neutral line.
Insufficient wall thickness intrados.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness at the intrados. The intrados should generally be thicker than the minimum required thickness at the neutral line.
Insufficient wall thickness extrados.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness at the extrados. The extrados should generally be thinner than the minimum required thickness at the neutral line.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables.
Design Pressure – P
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component.
Weld fitting option – W
Is the fitting welded
Specific variables
These variables are component specific.
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness – tn
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion – A
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – tol
Tolerance in thickness for production.
Joint Efficiency – E
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties.
Calculated Values
Allowable Operating Stress – S
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – Sa
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Minimum yield strength at 20 °C – Symin
Stress in the component at which the component starts to plastically deform at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Allowable stress test – St
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Weld joint strength reduction – W
Factor by which the allowable strength is reduced in order to accommodate the reduction in strength in the welded joint.
Inside Diameter – Di
Outside Diameter − 2 × Thickness
Inside dish height – hi
Inside Diameter / 4
Spherical radius factor – K
1/6 (2 + (Di / (2 hi))2)
Nominal Required Thickness – trn
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – P/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Required Test Pressure – Pt
Required hydrostatic pressure for testing at any point in the piping system
Scope errors
Pressure for steam/vapor is out of scope: minimum pressure = 0.1 MPa
This code determines for steam/vapor a minimum pressure.
Pressure for water is out of scope: minimum pressure = 1.103 MPa
This code determines for water a minimum pressure.
Temperature for water is out of scope: minimum temperature = 100 °C
This code determines for water a minimum temperature.
Head thickness is out of scope: required is t ≥ 0.002 L
This code determines for heads a minimum thickness.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient head thickness.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables.
Design Pressure – P
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component.
Weld fitting option – W
Is the fitting welded
Specific variables
These variables are component specific.
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness – tn
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion – A
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – tol
Tolerance in thickness for production.
Joint Efficiency – E
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties.
Calculated Values
Allowable Operating Stress – S
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – Sa
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Minimum yield strength at 20 °C – Symin
Stress in the component at which the component starts to plastically deform at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Allowable stress test – St
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Weld joint strength reduction – W
Factor by which the allowable strength is reduced in order to accommodate the reduction in strength in the welded joint.
Inside Diameter – Di
Outside Diameter − 2 × Thickness
Nominal Required Thickness – trn
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – P/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Required Test Pressure – Pt
Required hydrostatic pressure for testing at any point in the piping system
Scope errors
Pressure for steam/vapor is out of scope: minimum pressure = 0.1 MPa
This code determines for steam/vapor a minimum pressure.
Pressure for water is out of scope: minimum pressure = 1.103 MPa
This code determines for water a minimum pressure.
Temperature for water is out of scope: minimum temperature = 100 °C
This code determines for water a minimum temperature.
Head thickness is out of scope: required is t ≤ 0.356 L
This code determines for heads a minimum thickness.
Design pressure is out of scope: required is P ≤ 0.665 SE
This code determines for heads a maximum pressure.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient head thickness.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables.
Design Pressure – P
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component.
Weld fitting option – W
Is the fitting welded
Specific variables
These variables are component specific.
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness dish and knuckle – tn
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Nominal Inside Dish Radius – Ln
Nominal inside radius of the dish (large radius). Custom defined size for torispherical.
Nominal Inside Knuckle Radius – rn
Nominal inside radius of the knuckle (small radius). Custom defined size for torispherical.
Corrosion – A
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – tol
Tolerance in thickness for production.
Joint Efficiency – E
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties.
Calculated Values
Allowable Operating Stress – S
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – Sa
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Minimum yield strength at 20 °C – Symin
Stress in the component at which the component starts to plastically deform at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Minimum tensile strength at 20 °C – Sumin
Ultimate strength that the component can withstand.
Allowable stress test – St
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Weld joint strength reduction – W
Factor by which the allowable strength is reduced in order to accommodate the reduction in strength in the welded joint.
Limited allowable torisherical operating stress – S
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Torispherical factor – M
M = 1/4 (3 + sqr(L/r))
Nominal Required Thickness – trn
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Minimum head thickness – ts
Minimum specified head thickness after forming.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – P/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Required Test Pressure – Pt
Required hydrostatic pressure for testing at any point in the piping system
Scope errors
Pressure for steam/vapor is out of scope: minimum pressure = 0.1 MPa
This code determines for steam/vapor a minimum pressure.
Pressure for water is out of scope: minimum pressure = 1.103 MPa
This code determines for water a minimum pressure.
Temperature for water is out of scope: minimum temperature = 100 °C
This code determines for water a minimum temperature.
Head thickness is out of scope: required is t ≥ 0.002 L
This code determines for heads a minimum thickness.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient head thickness.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Remarks
Su(min) is lager than 70 000 psi (500 MPa), S = 20 000 psi (150Mpa) times ratio original S/Sa
The minimum tensile strength exceeds a limit. The allowable stress is limited by a correction factor.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables.
Design Pressure – P
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component.
Weld fitting option – W
Is the fitting welded
Specific variables
These variables are component specific
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness – tn
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion – A
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – tol
Tolerance in thickness for production.
Joint Efficiency – E
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties.
Radius miter bend – R
Radius of the miter bend from the origin of curvature and perpendicular to the neutral axis of the bend. The neutral axis follows the centerlines of the segments.
Total deflection angle miter bend – Angle
The angle of the total deflection the miter bend makes, i.e. the angle between the centerlines of the attached pipes.
Number of Segments – NoS
The number of segments in which the bend is divided.
Calculated Values
Allowable Operating Stress – S
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – Sa
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Minimum yield strength at 20 °C – Symin
Stress in the component at which the component starts to plastically deform at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Allowable stress test – St
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Weld joint strength reduction – W
Factor by which the allowable strength is reduced in order to accommodate the reduction in strength in the welded joint.
Miter bend cut angle – θ
Cutting angle between the different segments.
Mean segment radius using nominal wall thickness – r
(Outside Diameter − 2 × Thickness)/2
Minimum bend joint angle – θmin
Minimum required angle between segments.
Segment length at inside – B
Length of the segment measured at the inside.
Segment length limit at inside – Blim
Minimum segment length at inside for closely spaced miter bend.
Segment length at centerline – s
Length of the segment measured at the centerline.
Segment length limit at centerline – slim
Limit of segment length at centerline for widely or closely segment spacing.
Widely/Closely segment spacing
When the length measured at the centerline is beyond or below the segment length limit, the miter bend does not completely follow the curvature of a circle. When beyond the limit, the miter bend is widely spaced and the segments are longer (extra straight pipe) and the distance from the centerline to the center point of deflection is larger than the bend radius. Below the limit, the miter bend is closely spaced and the segments are shorter (missing straight pipe) and the distance from the centerline to the center point of deflection is smaller than the radius.
Nominal Required Thickness – trn
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – P/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Required Test Pressure – Pt
Required hydrostatic pressure for testing at any point in the piping system
Scope errors
Pressure for steam/vapor is out of scope: minimum pressure = 0.1 MPa
This code determines for steam/vapor a minimum pressure.
Pressure for water is out of scope: minimum pressure = 1.103 MPa
This code determines for water a minimum pressure.
Temperature for water is out of scope: minimum temperature = 100 °C
This code determines for water a minimum temperature.
Number of segments is out of scope: required is NoS ≥ 2
A miterbend has at least 2 segments.
For widely spaced miterbends the miter cut angle θ is out of scope: required is at least an angle of 9 Sqrt(tn/rn) °.
This code determines a minimum angle of miter cut θ. Decrease the number of miter segments or increase the total deflection angle of the miterbend.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness pipe segments
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient wall thickness miterbend
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Remarks
Angle of miter cut θ is larger than 22.5 °.
When a segment of the miterbend has an angle larger than this limit, the maximum allowable pressure shall be limited.
Inside segment length inside bend angle is smaller than 6 tn
When a segment of the miterbend has a length smaller than this limit, the maximum allowable pressure shall be limited.
Calculation errors
Can't calculate required thickness. Please check input data.
An error occured in the calculation for the required thickness.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables
Design Pressure – P
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component.
Weld fitting option – W
Is the fitting welded
Specific variables
These variables are component specific.
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness – tn
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion/erosion/threading – A
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – tol
Tolerance in thickness for production.
Joint Efficiency – E
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties.
Length tangent to tangent – L
Length of the straight part of the pipe (equals the unsupported length of the pipe)
Calculated Values
Allowable Operating Stress – S
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – Sa
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Minimum yield strength at 20 °C – Symin
Stress in the component at which the component starts to plastically deform at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Allowable stress test – St
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Weld joint strength reduction – W
Factor by which the allowable strength is reduced in order to accommodate the reduction in strength in the welded joint.
Nominal Required Thickness – trn
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – P/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Required Test Pressure – Pt
Required hydrostatic pressure for testing at any point in the piping system
Scope errors
Pressure for steam/vapor is out of scope: minimum pressure = 0.1 MPa
This code determines for steam/vapor a minimum pressure.
Pressure for water is out of scope: minimum pressure = 1.103 MPa
This code determines for water a minimum pressure.
Temperature for water is out of scope: minimum temperature = 100 °C
This code determines for water a minimum temperature.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Calculation errors
Can't calculate required thickness. Please check input data.
An error occured in the calculation for the required thickness.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables for reducers (concentric/eccentric).
Design Pressure – P
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component.
Weld fitting option – W
Is the fitting welded
Specific variables
These variables are component specific.
Large/Small
Large and Small refer to the large pipe end and the smaller (reduced) pipe end respectively.
Outside Diameter – Do (Large/Small)
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness – tn (Large/Small)
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion – A
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – tol (Large/Small)
Tolerance in thickness for production.
Joint Efficiency – E
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties.
Overall length – L
Length of the entire reducer.
Length conical part – Lc
Length of the part that reduces gradually in diameter and hence, forms a conical shape.
Angle cone – α
The angle of the conical section, or the slope with which the diameter reduces.
Calculated Values
Allowable Operating Stress – S
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – Sa
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Minimum yield strength at 20 °C – Symin
Stress in the component at which the component starts to plastically deform at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Allowable stress test – St
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Weld joint strength reduction – W
Factor by which the allowable strength is reduced in order to accommodate the reduction in strength in the welded joint.
Nominal Required Thickness – trn (Large/Small)
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP (Large/Small)
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – P/MAWP (Large/Small)
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP (Large/Small)
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Required Test Pressure – Pt
Required hydrostatic pressure for testing at any point in the piping system
Scope errors
Pressure for steam/vapor is out of scope: minimum pressure = 0.1 MPa
This code determines for steam/vapor a minimum pressure.
Pressure for water is out of scope: minimum pressure = 1.103 MPa
This code determines for water a minimum pressure.
Temperature for water is out of scope: minimum temperature = 100 °C
This code determines for water a minimum temperature.
Reducer angle is out of scope: maximum angle = 30°
This code determines a maximum reducer angle.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness at large end.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient wall thickness at small end.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables.
Design Pressure – P
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Material (header/branch)
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component.
Weld fitting option – W
Is the fitting welded
Specific variables
These variables are component specific.
Outside Diameter header and branch – Doh, Dob
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle. Generally the branch is smaller in diameter than the header.
Nominal Thickness header, branch and reinforcement – thn, tbn, trn
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion header and branch – Ah, Ab
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance header, branch and reinforcement – tolh, tolb, tolr
Tolerance in thickness for production.
Joint Efficiency header and branch – Eh, Eb
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties.
Angle centerline branch – a
Angle between the centerline of the branch and the line perpendicular to the header centerline.
Reinforcement width – wr
Width of the reinforcement. The width equals the outer radius minus the inner radius.
Calculated Values
Allowable Operating Stress header, branch and reinforcement – Sh, Sb, Sr
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress header, branch and reinforcement at 20 °C – Sha, Sba, Sra
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Minimum yield strength at 20 °C header, branch and reinforcement – Syminh, Syminb, Syminr
Stress in the component at which the component starts to plastically deform at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Allowable stress test header, branch and reinforcement – Sht, Sbt, Srt
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Weld joint strength reduction factor header and branch – Wh, Wb
Factor by which the allowable strength is reduced in order to accommodate the reduction in strength in the welded joint.
Header reinforcement zone length – d2
Length from the branch centerline to the end of the header reinforcement zone.
Branch reinforcement zone length – L4
Length from the header outside diameter to the end of the branch reinforcement zone.
Stress ratio branch/header – Sb/Sh, Sba/Sha.
Ratio of operating stresses of the branch and the header. This ratio must be ≤ 1.
Stress ratio reinforcement/header – Sr/Sh, Sra/Sha.
Ratio of operating stresses of the reinforcement and the header. This ratio must be ≤ 1.
Required Thickness header pipe and branch pipe – thr, tbr
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Required Area – A7
The required cross-sectional area that reinforcement or excess thickness should provide for the opening.
Reinforcement area header – A1
Cross-sectional area of excess thickness header.
Reinforcement area branch – A2
Cross-sectional area of excess thickness branch.
Reinforcement area of extra added area including weld areas – A4
Extra reinforcement cross-sectional excess area.
Total available reinforcement area – Ar
The total available cross-sectional area from reinforcement and excess thickness. Sum of areas is corrected for stress ratios.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – P/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Required Test Pressure – Pt
Required hydrostatic pressure for testing at any point in the piping system
Tapering header and branch
The tapering of the header and branch on connecting pipes is checked.
Scope errors
Pressure for steam/vapor is out of scope: minimum pressure = 0.1 MPa
This code determines for steam/vapor a minimum pressure.
Pressure for water is out of scope: minimum pressure = 1.103 MPa
This code determines for water a minimum pressure.
Temperature for water is out of scope: minimum temperature = 100 °C
This code determines for water a minimum temperature.
Angle branch is out of scope: required is 0° < α ≤ 90°.
This code determines a minimum and maximum branch angle.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness for header
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient wall thickness for branch
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient reinforcement area.
Reinforcement area is too small. Increase the reinforcement width or wall thickness of reinforcement, header or branch.
Warnings
Tapering header in reinforced zone.
Indicates tapering of header in reinforced zone.
Tapering branch in reinforced zone.
Indicates tapering of branch in reinforced zone.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables.
Design Pressure – P
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms.
Material (header/branch)
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component.
Weld fitting option – W
Is the fitting welded
Specific variables
These variables are component specific.
Outside Diameter (tapered) header and (tapered) branch – Doh, Doh′, Dob, Dob′
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle. Generally the branch is smaller in diameter than the header.
Nominal Thickness (tapered) header and (tapered) branch – thn, th′, tbn, tb′
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Tapered section
Section in which the thickness of either the branch or header gradually changes to the thickness of the pipe.
Corrosion – A
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosion.
Tolerance – tol
Tolerance in thickness for production.
Joint Efficiency – E
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties.
Half width header direction – W0
Distance from the centerline of the branch part to the end of the header part indicated by the direction.
Half height branch direction – H0
Distance from the centerline of the header part to the end of the branch part indicated by the direction.
Crotch outside radius factor – Rf
Tee transition outside radius factor. Used value is 0.67 when dimension standards do not provide a value.
Crotch thickness factor – CF
Tee crotch thickness factor. Used value is 1.25 when dimension standards do not provide a value.
Tee transition outside radius header to branch – r0
Tee crotch outside radius. Radius is calculated or user defined.
Nominal Crotch Thickness – tcn
Crotch thickness is calculated or user defined.
Calculated Values
Minimum yield strength at 20 °C – Symin
Stress in the component at which the component starts to plastically deform at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Allowable Operating Stress – S
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – St
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at 20 °C ambient temperature.
Weld joint strength reduction – W
Factor by which the allowable strength is reduced in order to accommodate the reduction in strength in the welded joint.
Branch/Header diameter ratio – Dob/Doh
Ratio of the outside diameters of the branch and the header.
Branch inside diameter at Header outside diameter – dc
Inside diameter of the branch where the branch meets the outside diameter of the header.
Header reinforcement zone length – r1
Length from the branch centerline to the end of the header reinforcement zone.
Branch reinforcement zone length – L8
Length from the header outside diameter to the end of the branch reinforcement zone.
Reinforcement factor – K
Multiplication factor for the header opening.
Required Area – A7
Required cross-sectional area of the reinforcement in order to accommodate the tee.
Total available reinforcement area – Ar
The total available cross-sectional area from reinforcement and excess thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – P/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Required Test Pressure – Pt
Required hydrostatic pressure for testing at any point in the piping system
Tapering header and branch
The tapering of the header and branch on connecting pipes is checked.
Scope errors
Pressure for steam/vapor is out of scope: minimum pressure = 0.1 MPa
This code determines for steam/vapor a minimum pressure.
Pressure for water is out of scope: minimum pressure = 1.103 MPa
This code determines for water a minimum pressure.
Temperature for water is out of scope: minimum temperature = 100 °C
This code determines for water a minimum temperature.
Crotch outside radius is out of scope: required is r0min ≤ r0 ≤ r0max.
This code determines limits for the radius.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness for header
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness of the header.
Insufficient wall thickness for branch
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness of the branch.
Insufficient reinforcement area or wall thickness.
Reinforcement area is too small. Increase the reinforcement area or thickness.
Warnings
Tapering header in reinforced zone.
Indicates tapering of header in reinforced zone.
Tapering branch in reinforced zone.
Indicates tapering of branch in reinforced zone.